Kathputli~Jaipur

Introduction:

Usage:

The fame and distinctness of the Rajasthani puppets are well known all around the world and for the same reason; they are popular souvenirs for foreigners and tourists. The craft is also used to make portraits of famous rulers such as ‘Shivaji Maharaj’, ‘Maharaja Jai Singh’ and ‘Maharana Pratap‘. Door hangings resembling animals such as camel, elephant, toys like ‘Kacchi ghodi‘ (toy horse) as well as other wall hangings are made using the craft. The puppet performance are also used to narrate and create awareness about society evils such as  Polio, AIDS, child marriages, dowry and many other social evils.

Significance:

The etymology of Kathputhli is derived from the Sanskrit words for son or children (Puttika or puttalika). This has sunk so deep into the minds of the puppeteers that they mostly keep the boxes containing the puppets in their bedrooms. When the puppet is tattered and cannot be used anymore, it is not thrown away or neglected. It is taken to a river and set into the currents after chanting verses and mantras.
Traditionally the artisans who were involved in making puppets belonged to the nomadic community called as Putli Bhatt or Nat. Nats are the performing artists who used to wander from village to village along with their portable theatres. They entertained gatherings by narrating the achievement of the heroes from mythological and social traditions. Though they belong, originally, to the Nagaur area in the Marwar region, they travel all through the country in order to exhibit their skills. Today these communities have settled in different parts of Rajasthan and are still practicing this age old tradition.

It has been one of the oldest forms of entertainment. In the olden day time these puppets were not only a source of entertainment but also provided moral and social education. They tackled problems like dowry system, women empowerment, illiteracy, poverty, unemployment, cleanliness. Through these puppet shows they made people aware of the social problem that everybody was facing and also showed ways of solving them. Many organizations are now making use of puppets as a medium to spread effective information on health, education and human rights too.

Narration and music make an intricate part of the puppet show. They are both usually hidden from the audience. The puppets “illustrate” the text by their action. Through variations in pitch and coloration, the actor gives the puppet its own voice. Every puppet has its own style of language, delivering dialogue, tempo and mannerism.

Myths & Legends:

History:

Many scholars are of the opinion that India was the place of origin of puppet theatre and it is from here that it migrated to other Asian countries on the back of epic themes. Historic evidences point to puppetry reaching several peaks in India in the early centuries BC. A reference to puppetry is found in the Tamil classic ‘Silappadhikaram‘ written around 2nd century BC. ‘Natyashastra’, the masterly treatise on dramaturgy was written by sage ‘Bharata’ around the same time. Puppetry does not have a direct mention in the Natyashastra but the director/producer of human theatre was termed the ‘Sutradhar’ which means ‘holder of strings‘. The word must have come in long before the ‘Natyashastra’ was written and there is no doubt that it came from the marionette theatre. Prevalence of theatre in India is traced back to almost 400 years BC. Its popularity in India is evident in the manner it is referred to in poetry and prose of those times. For example in ‘Shrimad Bhagavata’, god almighty has been compared to a puppeteer who manipulates all the beings on earth with the three strings- ‘Sattva’, ‘Rajas’ and ‘Jamas’. In Sanskrit, they are termed as ‘Puttalika’ or ‘Puttika’, both of which etymologically mean ‘little children’.
Puppets have believed to have a connection to religious ceremonies to popularize religious legends. There are references stating that ‘Chhayanataka‘ (shadow theatre) was used by Jain and Buddhist preachers to narrate the stories pertaining to their religion. It is said that some temples of India, Egypt and Greece, statues were constructed which could make movements with the manipulation of concealed controls. As time went, it was realized that puppets can be more than ritual objects and can be entertaining too. Satire and comedy came to be used in the medium. Slowly, this art form emerged from the precincts of the temple and villages to reach out to the outside world performing on various social and contemporary themes in Indian towns and cities.
It is said that puppetry of Rajasthan is more than a thousand years old but there is no written evidence of it. Mainly the ‘Bhat‘ community practices this art termed ‘Kathputli’ (‘Kath’ meaning wood and ‘Putli’ meaning doll). These people claim that their ancestors had performed for royal families and received great honour and prestige from the rulers of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab. Their legend goes back to the times of the Great King Vikramaditya, of Ujjain whose throne Simhasan Battisi had 32 decorative dolls dancing and doing acrobatic feats. The first Bhat produced a play with 32 puppets on the life and achievements of king Vikramaditya and his progeny performed it for hundreds of years.
Much later came Prithviraj Chauhan of Delhi who gave them money to produce a play on his life and achievements. Under the patronage of Amar Singh Rathod of Nagaur kingdom, the Bhats produced plays on his reign and heroic death, which are still extant today. The great Moghuls of Delhi loved glamorous and gorgeous entertainment and did not patronize puppets. So the puppeteers had to depend on smaller and inferior landlords who had no money or taste for the art. The Kathputli Bhats were gradually reduced to poverty.

Design:

Rajasthan puppets have their own unique specialty. Approximately 30cm in height, they are carved out of a single piece of wood. The headgear is also carved out at the same time. They have elongated, stylized eyes. Their faces are usually painted yellow, except the ones to denote foreigners which are painted white.
Puppeteers manipulate the puppets with a whistling, squeaking voice and are interpreted by a narrator who also provides the rhythms. The puppets have no legs and movements are free. They are draped in long trailing skirts and articulated so skillfully as to suggest movement of legs inside. The garments are designed to resemble the medieval Rajasthani attire.

Their bodies and limbs are made of mango wood and stuffed with cotton. A slight jerk of the string causes the puppets to produce movements of the hands, neck and shoulder. Many puppets hang on one rope: one string tied to the head and other to the waist. The puppeteer makes a loop around his fingers and manipulates the puppet. He takes ghungru (bells) in his hands and plays it according to rhythm. These puppets have a very limited vocabulary, so the movements play a very important part. Puppets are moved towards each other with speed and with swords in their hands in fighting postures. Greetings and salutations are done by bending the puppets and leaving their arms to hang loosely.

A curtain, generally dark in colour, is at the back-stage and a colourful curtain with three arches hangs at the front, called Tiwara or Tajmahal. Most of the puppets are hung on the bamboo at the back-stage. Some puppets, like the acrobats and the wrestlers have legs, but these are not to be manipulated. The dancer Anarkalihas four strings. Her limbs are sewn in such a manner that with the slightest jerk several dance-movements can be produced. The Horse rider, Nimbuwala and the Juggler have some intricate movements. A Snake charmer is another attraction of the show. Head of the snake is made of wood and the rest of cloth. The snake charmer is smaller in size than the snake. The announcer is called Kharbar Khan who has a drum tied between his two legs and a stick on his two hands. The puppets are tied with dark strings, which do not show against the dark backdrop, and dim lights are used.

Challenges:

The craft used to once be commissioned by kings and noblemen. That tradition has now disappeared. Pressures of falling demand, poor income and growing families have led to the craftsmen taking up alternate professions, like working as tourist guides and sweepers, for sustenance.

Introduction Process:

Raw Materials:

Wood- Artisans use seasoned ‘Aardu’ wood or mango wood to make the face and upper body of the puppet. It is therefore the most basic raw material in the process of puppet making. As ‘Aardu’ wood is soft, light in color and low priced it is preferred over mango wood. The wood is brought from the local market at a rate of Rs.500- Rs.600/Quintal. By using wood cutting machines the big logs are cut into smaller pieces of about 7-8 inches length.

Decorative Clothes- Artisans make two types of puppets, one for sale and the other to be used in performances. Puppets made for performances are decorated with beautifully ornamented cloth pieces that are brought form a place called ‘Katla’.

Saree Cloths- Puppets for sale are dressed using simple saree materials that are quite basic in quality. For this cut pieces taken form of simple sarees and other such unembroidered plain fabrics are procured from the tailor.

Gotta (Ribbon)- Puppets are ornamented with bright shining ‘Gottas’ (golden ribbons) which are bought from the local market. They are priced about Rs.10/meter to Rs.200/meter depending on the quality.

Paint- Artisans use synthetic paints to draw facial features on the puppets. The main colors used are White (for base of the face and eyes), Red (lips and ‘Bindi’ for women) and Black (for eyebrows, hair and eyes)

Jewelry- Small pieces of jewelry are used to decorate the puppets. These pieces of jewelry are made using beads, chains and different small shining items.

Chaan (Waste rags)- These are brown colored waste rags used to fill the body of the puppets and bought from rug factories at a rate of Rs.10-Rs.20/per sack.

Nails- Most of the jewelry, cloth, strings etc. are attached to the puppet with the help of nails. Small nails with broad heads are used and these are bought from the local hardware shop.

Thread- Strong threads are used to stitch the clothes of the puppets and also to make the strings.

Cotton- Cotton is used as filler material.

Tools & Tech:

Basola (Hammer)- Hammers of various shapes and sizes are used during the different production stages. Big hammers are used to hammer and carve the face of the puppet while smaller hammers are used for nailing.

Chorsi (Chisel)-Chisels of different shapes and sizes are used for carving the wood. Flat and big chisels are used for the basic carving of wood while smaller chisels are used to carve out finer details such as eyes, nose, ears etc. Round headed chisels are used for even further detailed carving.

Sui (Needle)- Needles of various sizes ranging from 1 inch to 4 inches are used according to requirement.

Sewing Machine- To achieve a better finished product and faster work performance artisans have now switched to hand operated sewing machines.

Scissors- Used for cutting cloth pieces and strings.

Files-Small wooden files are used for polishing the puppet’s face.

Aari (Hand Saw)- Small hand saw is used for cutting blocks of wood

Koochi (Brush)- Koochi a type of brush is used in applying a base coat on the puppet. These bushes are made out of palms leaves.

Paint brushes- Eyes, mouth and other fine detailing are done by paint brush. These brushes are bought from the stationary shops.

Whetstone-It is used for sharpening the tools.

Regmaal (Sandpaper)- Sand paper is used to smooth/polish the surface of the puppet’s face. Generally, 60 and 100 number Regmaal is used for this purpose.

Rituals:

process:

The craftsmen who make these wooden puppets are called ‘Chilai’. When making these puppets the craftsmen give special attention to the details of the face and begin by making it first. Different characters in a narrative can be separated by their different facial structures and expressions.

Crafting the form
The craftsmen who make these wooden puppets are called ‘Chilai’. When making these puppets the craftsmen give special attention to the details of the face and begin by making it first. Different characters in a narrative can be separated by their different facial structures and expressions. Using a hammer and chisel the craftsmen painstakingly carve each puppet taking almost three to four hours. Usually there is not much difference in the facial details of the male and female puppets. The head of the puppet along with its turban is made out of wood whilst the torso of the puppet is stuffed with cloth and wrapped with strings.

Finishing
Once the face is made it is left to dry. After this it is polished with sandpaper and coated with a mixture of turpentine and plaster of Paris. This helps to cover the small holes in the wood. After it has dried the surface is polished again with sandpaper to remove any remaining fibers. With the help of a ‘Koochi’, touch-wood paint is applied to the face and left to dry again.

Coloring
After the face has dried it is coated with pale white color made to resemble a fair skin tone. This is followed by the addition of facial details where white is used to paint the eyes and red is used to color the lips. A red colored ‘Bindi’ is added to the puppets that depict females.

Making the body and clothes
The decoration starts with the preparation of the clothes and these are hand stitched and stuffed with old clothes or rags. Women usually partake in this activity and they stitch the designs in keeping with each character’s unique look. The puppets made for performances are decorated with rich, colourful and glittering fabrics just as an actor would be dressed for stage, while the puppets made for sale are decorated with regular saree materials. The male puppet is dressed in a ‘Dhoti’ (Indian men’s trouser) while the female puppet is dressed in a ‘Lehenga’ (Indian long umbrella skirt) and these are both made out of sarees.

Decoration
The puppets for performance are decorated with beautiful handmade jewelry and other accessories. This enhances the beauty of the puppet making them appear more eye-catching and life like. Majority of these puppets are sold as souvenirs and for this reason the female puppets have a traditional ‘Gorla’ on their foreheads while the males have ‘Bheens’ (Snake Charmers Flute) as these are an important part of the Rajasthani culture.

Attaching the strings
Strings are a crucial element of the puppet and need to be attached with proper planning. Correct location of the string is necessary for better maneuvering of the puppet’s actions. These are mainly attached to the neck, shoulders, hands, legs and head of the puppet. The strings are either looped on the fingers of the puppeteer or attached to a small wooden strip that is operated by the puppeteer. The string attached to the head of the puppet also connects to its back. Strong cotton threads are used as strings, so that they can bear the load of the puppets.

Waste:

Cluster Name:Jaipur

Introduction:

The several rows of shops in the maniharon ka raasta of Jaipur bazaar gleam with the colours of the lac bangles. The women sit at the front end crafting the bangles to their many faithful customers while the men work at the furnaces preparing the raw materials.

History:

Jaipur was founded on 18 November 1727 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II who was a lover of astronomy, mathematics and astrophysics. The city was named after him when he shifted the capital from Amer to Jaipur due to growing population and scarcity of water. Jaipur was a planned city and the layout was based on several traditional architectural treatises like the Vaastu Shaastra. In 1876, during the regime of Sawai Ram Singh, the whole city was painted pink to welcome Edward, Prince of Wales. Even today, these buildings remain painted in pink, giving Jaipur a distinctive appearance. In 1922, the throne was taken over by Man Singh II, during his reign buildings like secretariat, schools, and hospitals were built. After India got independence, Jaipur merged with Jodhpur, Jaisalmer and Bikaner to form the largest state of India with Jaipur as its capital.

Geography:

Jaipur is located in the eastern part of Rajasthan at the co-rdinates of 26.92°N 75.82°E. It has an average elevation of 431 metres (1417 ft). The rivers Banas and Banganga pass through the district. By air - Jaipur Airport at a distance of around 11 km from the city center is the main air gateway to Jaipur. There are direct flights to Delhi, Mumbai, Udaipur, Jodhpur, Aurangabad, and some other cities from Jaipur. By rail - There are many trains that connect Jaipur and other cities in Rajasthan; Palace on Wheels is a dedicated train for tourists. Other important trains include, Shatabdi Express and Pink City Express both from Delhi. By road - From Delhi, there is a direct and well-maintained road to Jaipur. City is connected to most of the tourist destinations in Rajasthan as well as Agra. Jaipur is part of the Golden Travel Circuit of India that includes Delhi, Agra, and Jaipur. Most of the tours are conducted either through the buses or trains.

Environment:

Infrastructure:

Jaipur district is a centre for both traditional and modern industries. It is famous as a large exporter of gold, diamond and stone jewellery in Asia it is the only city finishing blue diamond, or tanzanite, in the world. It is a fast developing city and has every necessary infrastructure like airports, banks and educational institutes. Jaipur is a hub of educational activities from primary level to college level education.  University of Rajasthan in Jaipur has completed its 60 years. Jaipur district is receiving the hydro-electric power, supplied by the Chambal Hydel System. Out of total 2,131 villages in the district, all were electrified (as on March 2000).

Architecture:

Jaipur was developed as India's first ever planned city by Raja Jai Singh with the help of chief architect from Bengal, Vidhyadhar Bhattacharya. Vidhyadhar Bhattacharya, following the principles of Shilpa Shastra (the science of Indian architecture), and referencing the ancient Indian knowledge on astronomy, devised the planning of the entire new capital. The town of Jaipur is built in the form of an eight-part Mandala known as the 'Pithapada'. The city was divided into nine blocks, of which two consist the state buildings and palaces, with the remaining seven allotted to the public. Huge fortification walls were made along with seven strong gates for the purpose of security of the city. Jaipur city is remarkable among pre-modern Indian cities for the width and regularity of its streets which are laid out into six sectors separated by broad streets of 111 feet. This number is a holy number in Hinduism and hence considered lucky.

Culture:

Jaipur is largely populated by the Hindu community, closely followed by a substantial percentage of Muslims, Sikhs and Jains. Hindi and Rajasthani are the most commonly spoken languages. The Rajasthani culture is colourful and flamboyant. It is rich in heritage. Famous dances of Jaipur include Ghoomar and Chari; the Chari dancers dance gracefully on a pot with a lit diya on their head. Traditional instruments like Sarangi, Ektara, and Jhalar are also played while singing folk songs. Food or the local delicacies of Jaipur also reveal the culture of the city. Jaipur's utterly delicious mangodi, papad, khichdi, buttermilk, sohan halwa have no match. The prominent festivals celebrated are: Teej- This festival is dedicated to Lord Shiva and Parvati; celebrated during the month of monsoon July-August by married women who pray for a long and happy marital life. Gangaur fair- Idols of Issar and Gangaur, manifestations of Shiva and Parvati, are worshipped by women, particularly those unmarried women who wish for a consort of the likes of Shiva. Elephant festival- This is celebrated during the month of Holi. The elephants are caparisoned, their bodies painted with floral decorations by the mahouts and paraded around with great pomp.

People:

The lac bangles are crafted by the Manihar community who are traditional Muslim bangle makers. Many of them were rajputs who had converted to Islam. The community speaks Shaikawati dialect of Rajasthani.

Famous For:

The city is one of the most sought after destinations. It is famous for its architecture, vibrant handicrafts and arts. Hawa Mahal - The palace of winds was built in 1799 A.D by Maharaja Pratap Singh. This five storied pyramid shaped structure is made up of small casements, each with tine windows and arched roofs with hanging cornices, exquisitely modeled and carved.  This unusual structure is more like a screen than a palace, its top three stories are just a single room thick and at the base are two courtyards.Built at a time when ladies of the royal household observed very strict pardaa, this unusual palace, with its screened balconies provided them with an opportunity to watch processions and other activities on the streets without being observed themselves. Jal Mahal - The lake palace was built in the middle of Man Sagar Lake near Amber.  There was a natural depression in earth where the rain water of surrounded Aravali Hills was collected.  No man made construction was there till 16th century. Natural beauty of lake, surrounded Aravali hills, lush green mountains, and migratory birds attracted Sawai Pratap Singh, the then-ruler of Amber.  In 1799 AD, Sawai Pratap Singh decided to convert Man Sagar Lake in a pleasure spot; hence, he built Jal Mahal. Jantar Mantar - This fascinating observatory was constructed in the year 1728 by Maharja Sawai Jai Singh II, the founder of Jaipur. He was a learned person and a great astrologer.  He acquainted himself thoroughly with religion, philosophy, art, architecture, Hindu, Greek, Muslim and European schools of astronomy and astrology.  He thoroughly studied Ptolemy's Syntaxis, De La Hire's Tabulae, Newton's Principia, Euclid's Clements, Mirza Ulugh Beg's Astronomical Tables, Master works of Aryabhatta, Varahmihir, Brahamgupt, and Bhaskaracharya. UNESCO inscribed Jantar Mantar Jaipur in the list of World Heritage in July 2010.

Gallery

Craftsmen

List of craftsmen.

Documentation by:

Team Gaatha

Process Reference:

Cluster Reference: